Students are stressed. A recent survey revealed that mental health issues, including severe stress, are on the rise. In 2016, 65% of students reported experiencing overwhelming anxiety during the previous 12 months, which is an increase of more than 7% from the 2013 data (National College Health Assessment, 2016). We also know from decades of research that arousal levels are strongly related to performance: not enough arousal and you don’t perform well, but too much arousal (which becomes stress/anxiety) and your performance is negatively impacted (Colman, 2001). Therefore, anything we can do as instructors to reduce students’ stress should have a positive impact on their mental health and academic performance.
How can we help students, and, perhaps more importantly, how can students learn to help themselves reduce their stress levels? In this article, we outline specific interventions to help reduce student stress, especially as it relates to testing.
Instructor-driven Options
Group testing. Many independent studies have shown that collaborative testing lowers student anxiety, both measured (Russo & Warren, 1999) and perceived (LoGiudice, Pachai & Kim, 2015). In a recent study, students were asked to self-report their anxiety after a traditional individual test and following a collaborative test; students reported significantly lower anxiety after the collaborative test (Kennette & Penn, in press).
Flexibility. Another way that instructors can reduce test anxiety is to allow students some flexibility for when “life happens”. If students are allowed to drop one test or one assignment in the course, they will have less anxiety if they are unable to study, lose their assignment, get a flat tire on their way to a test, or experience a particularly challenging week. Likewise, if they have done well on all tests and assignments, they could have the option to not take the final test, giving them more time to focus on their other courses, and consequently reducing their stress during that extremely stressful time.
Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique. An alternate to traditional multiple-choice tests is a unique tool developed by Epstein Education (epsteineducation.com) which combines a traditional-looking scantron form and a lottery scratch-off ticket. This tool provides students with immediate feedback on their performance and allows them to earn partial credit if they can subsequently answer the question correctly. Battista and Gosse (2006) report that most students really enjoyed this format of testing and that, for most students, it reduced their test anxiety. Of importance to note is that, unlike a scantron, this must be hand-scored.
Positive psychology. There is also evidence from the area of positive psychology that incorporating some principles of positive psychology into the classroom can result in students reporting lower levels of anxiety and negative emotions (Myatt, 2016). Interested readers should see Myatt and Kennette (2017) for some more specific classroom ideas, including mindfulness, and gratitude.
Meditation. Leading students through a quick breathing or relaxation exercise or meditation immediately before the test can also be beneficial for their stress level (Oman, Shapiro, Thoresen, Plante & Flinders, 2008). Depending on your level of familiarity with these techniques, you may choose to use one of the many freely-available YouTube videos or lead students through a live session. Note also that students can engage in these practices on their own, as well.
Student-led Options
Student stress also can be reduced by students’ own practices. Faculty can support these initiatives by sharing the information with their students or guiding them to appropriate resources. In addition to being less time-consuming for instructors to implement than the suggestions identified in the previous section, helping students develop the tools to reduce their own stress may have an additional benefit: students may feel empowered, especially since these skills should be transferrable to other areas of their lives.
Planning and metacognition. Recently, Chen, Chavez, Ong, and Gunderson (2017) showed that students who took a self-administered metacognitive intervention had higher marks (by about 4%) and significantly lower negative affect (an aggregate construct which included stress and anxiety) compared to a control group. The intervention asked students to reflect on the upcoming test format, decide which class resources to use to prepare (practice tests, textbook reading, peer discussions, etc.), reflect how these resources will be useful in preparing for their test, and make a concrete plan on how to use these materials. A key feature of this intervention was to have students reflect and make a specific plan as this is more likely to translate into actual goal-directed behaviour (Gollwitzer, 1999).
Test-taking strategies. Students can also build their repertoire of test-taking strategies to help them feel less stressed when writing a test. For example, most schools offer workshops on taking multiple-choice tests, sharing strategies such as skipping a question when unsure of the answer and coming back to it later (with the awareness that a future question may serve as a prime for them to retrieve the correct response).
Meeting biological needs. When students are stressed, they may voluntarily trade sleep time for additional study time. However, sleep deprivation has been associated with increased anxiety levels (Engle-Friedman, Riela, Golan, Ventuneac, Davis, Jefferson, & Major, 2003). This is because deep sleeps releases chemicals that limit the pituitary gland’s production of ACTH and other stress hormones (Sapolsky, 2004), so when students lack sufficient sleep, more stress hormones are released. Furthermore, adequate and uninterrupted sleep maximizes learning and cognitive functioning, and plays an important role in memory consolidation (Smith, 2001).
Exercise. Other studies have established a small but significant correlation between exercise and anxiety reduction in both clinical (Ravindran & Silva, 2013; Wipfli, Rethorst, & Landers, 2008) and non-clinical (Rebar, Stanton, Geard, Short, Duncan, & Vandelanotte, 2015) populations. Furthermore, people who are regularly physically active lower their chances of developing clinical anxiety by 28% to 48% (Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2008).
Concluding Remarks
Scholarly success depends on a combination of cognitive, physical, and emotional factors. Given the rise in the mental health issues among students, as well as their academic and non-academic stress, actively engaging students in ways to reduce stress can be helpful to their success. Whether instructor-led or student initiated, more of an effort should be made by all parties to reduce student stress levels.
References
Averina, M., Nilssen, O., Brenn, T., Brox, J., Arkhipovsky, V. L., & Kalinin, A. G. (2005). Social and lifestyle determinants of depression, anxiety, sleeping disorders and self-evaluated quality of life in Russia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40(7), 511‑518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-005-0918-x
Chen, P., Chavez, O., Ong, D. E., & Gunderson, B. (2017). Strategic resource use for learning: A self-administered intervention that guides self-reflection on effective resource use enhances academic performance. Psychological Science, 28(6), 774-785.
Colman, A. M. (2001). Yerkes-Dodson Law. In Dictionary of Psychology, New York: Oxford University Press.
DiBattista, D. & Gosse, L. (2006). Test anxiety and the Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique. The Journal of Experimental Education, 74(4), 311-327.
Engle‐Friedman M., Riela S., Golan R., Ventuneac A. M., Davis C. M., Jefferson A. D., & Major D. (2003). The effect of sleep loss on next day effort. Journal of Sleep Research, 12(2), 113‑124. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2003.00351.x
Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American
Psychologist, 54, 493–503.
Kennette L. N. & Penn, A. (in press). Exploring the benefits of two-stage collaborative exams, Currents in Teaching and Learning.
LoGiudice, A. B., Pachai, A. A, & Kim, J. A. (2015). Testing together: When do students learn more through collaborative tests? Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology, 1(4), 377-389.
Myatt, B. (2016). Applying the Principles of Positive Psychology to the Post-Secondary Classroom. Presented at IPEN Festival of Positive Education, Dallas, TX.
Myatt, B. & Kennette, L. N. (2017, January 9). Towards a positive “U”. Faculty Focus. https://qa.facultyfocus.com/articles/effective-classroom-management/towards-positive-u/
National College Health Assessment (2016). Ontario University and College Health Association. Retrieved from http://oucha.ca/ncha.php
Oman, D., Shapiro, S. L., Thoresen, C. E., Plante, T. G., & Flinders, T. (2008). Meditation lowers stress and supports forgiveness among college students: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of American College Health, 56(5), 569-578.
Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. (2008). Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2008, A1-H14
Ravindran, A. V., & Silva, T. L. da. (2013). Complementary and alternative therapies as add-on to pharmacotherapy for mood and anxiety disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(3), 707‑719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.042
Rebar, A. L., Stanton, R., Geard, D., Short, C., Duncan, M. J., & Vandelanotte, C. (2015). A meta-meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity on depression and anxiety in non-clinical adult populations. Health Psychology Review, 9(3), 366‑378. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2015.1022901
Russo, A., & Warren, S. (1999). Collaborative test taking. College Teaching, 47, 18-20.
Sapolsky, R. M. (2004). Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers (3rd ed). New York: Times Books.
Smith, C. (2001). Sleep states and memory processes in humans: procedural versus declarative memory systems. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 5(6), 491‑506. https://doi.org/10.1053/smrv.2001.0164
Wipfli, B. M., Rethorst, C. D., & Landers, D. M. (2008). The Anxiolytic Effects of Exercise: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials and Dose–Response Analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30(4), 392‑410. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.4.392
Dr. Lynne N. Kennette is a professor of psychology and the program coordinator for the General Arts and Science program at Durham College in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada.
Julie Daigle is a Master of Arts candidate in the counselling and psychotherapy program at Saint Paul University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
